赫爾曼霍爾瑞斯 （1860至1929年）：霍爾瑞斯簡要普查工作辦公室在運行到1880年人口普查。 This experience, along with some advice from mentor John Shaw Billings, convinced him that the Census Office desperately needed a better way to tabulate census data than hand counting.這方面的經驗，以及一些諮詢意見導師約恩肖比林斯，使他確信，政府辦公室急需一種更好的方式來製表普查的數據比手工計票。 Hollerith was able to invent a device that did just that: an electric tabulating machine.霍爾瑞斯能夠發明一種裝置，就是這樣做的：一電動製表機。
Herman Hollerith was born to German immigrants in Buffalo, NY in 1860.赫爾曼霍爾瑞斯出生德國移民在紐約州水牛城於 1860年。 His early education was rocky, but he was eventually able to enroll at the City College of New York in 1875.他的早期教育是岩石，但他最終能夠參加在紐約市立學院於 1875年。 He graduated from the Columbia University School of Mines in 1879, impressing one of his professors, WP Trowbridge, so much that the man asked Hollerith to become his assistant.他畢業於哥倫比亞大學礦業學院在1879年，他的一個印象深刻的教授，可濕性粉劑特羅布里奇，這麼多，該名男子要求霍爾瑞斯成為他的助手。
Hollerith followed Trowbridge to the 1880 census, where he worked as a statistician.霍爾瑞斯其次特羅布里奇到1880年的人口普查，在那裡他擔任統計員。 It was from his experiences during the processing of that census that Hollerith realized the need for a better way to count results.這是從他的經驗，在處理該普查霍爾瑞斯認識到需要有一個更好的方法來計算結果。 Billings suggested a device similar to the Jacquard loom, an automatic weaving machine that is controlled by specially coded punch cards, might be used to automate the count.比林斯提出了類似的裝置提花織機，自動編織機，是由特殊編碼打孔卡，可用於自動計數。
Hollerith seized on the idea of punch cards, designing a machine that used the location of holes on each card to tally not only overall numbers but also individual characteristics and even cross-tabulations.霍爾瑞斯抓住了思想的穿孔卡片，設計一台機器所使用的每一個位置上的孔卡不僅符合整體數字，但也有其個別特性，甚至跨統計表。 He tested his new machine in Baltimore in 1887, the same year the hand-counted 1880 census was finally completed, and was successful enough that he won a contract from the Census Office when it reopened for the 1890 census.他測試他的新機器在巴爾的摩於 1887年，同年手算1880年的人口普查終於完成，並成功的，因此他贏得了一份合同，普查辦公室重新開放時，為 1890年人口普查。
霍爾瑞斯的電動鈔票機是一個偉大的成功。 They appreciably reduced tabulation time for the 1890 census while providing more statistics at a lower cost for processing.他們明顯減少製表時間為 1890年人口普查，同時提供更多的統計數據以較低的成本進行處理。 His success in 1890 led to contracts with foreign governments, eager to use his devices.在1890年率領他的成功與外國政府的合同，渴望用他的裝置。 Hollerith machines were used in 1891 for censuses of Canada, Norway, and Austria; railroad companies used them to calculate fare information.霍爾瑞斯機器中使用了1891年的人口普查，加拿大，挪威和奧地利鐵路公司用它們來計算票價信息。
1896年，霍爾瑞斯形成了製表機公司，開店，在喬治城附近的華盛頓特區。 He provided machines for the 1900 census count, but had greatly raised his leasing prices.他提供的機器為 1900年人口普查的數量，而且大大提高了他的租賃價格。 Hollerith, secure in his monopoly over the technology, knew that the Census Office would have to pay whatever he demanded.霍爾瑞斯，確保在他的壟斷了技術，知道政府辦公室將要付出什麼，他問道。 It did, but when the office became the permanent Census Bureau in 1902, it began to explore other options.它做了，但是當 Office成為永久人口普查局在1902年，它開始探索其他的選擇。
Barely skirting patent restrictions, Census Bureau employees were able to create their own tabulating machine, more advanced than Hollerith's, in time for the 1910 census.勉強繞過專利的限制，人口普查局的員工們能夠創建他們自己的製表機，更先進的比霍爾瑞斯的，在時間為 1910年人口普查。 Census Bureau technician James Powers was able to secure the patent for this machine, and he started his own machine tabulation company in 1911.人口普查局的技術員詹姆斯權力能夠確保本機的專利，他開始了自己的製表機公司於 1911年。 Hollerith's company, which had changed its name to the Computer Tabulating Recording Company after a merger, was practically run out of the market.霍爾瑞斯的公司，該公司已更名為電腦製表記錄公司合併後，幾乎耗盡了市場。
1918年，托馬斯沃森，有作為的推銷員，加入了電腦製表記錄公司的一位主管。 Although he and Hollerith did not get along, he revolutionized the way the company was run and transformed it into a successful enterprise once again.雖然他沒有和霍爾瑞斯相處，他徹底改變了該公司運行中加以改造成一個成功的企業一次。
Although Hollerith worked with the company he founded as a consulting engineer until his retirement in 1921, he became less and less involved in day-to-day operations after Watson came on board.雖然霍爾瑞斯曾與他創建的公司作為諮詢工程師，直到他1921年退休，他變得越來越少，參與日常的日常運作後，沃森來到船上。 Hollerith retired to his farm in rural Maryland, where he spent the rest of his life raising Guernsey cattle.霍爾瑞斯退休回到他的農場在農村馬里蘭州，在那裡他度過了他一生中休息養根西島牛。 He died of a heart attack in 1929.他死於心髒病發作於 1929年。
As for the Computer Tabulating Recording Company, in 1924, the resurgent enterprise changed its name to the International Business Machines Corporation, or IBM.至於電腦製表記錄公司，在1924年，復甦的企業更名為國際商業機器公司，或IBM。
資料來源:http://translate.google.com.tw/translate?hl=zh-TW&sl=en&u=http://www.census.gov/history/www/census_then_now/notable_alumni/herman_hollerith.html&ei=Yy6jTIKEO4yuvgPaxNTbAw&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ7gEwAg&prev=/search%3Fq%3DHerman%2BHollerith%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26biw%3D1020%26bih%3D533%26prmd%3Dio
沒有留言:
張貼留言